English grammar explains how words, phrases, clauses, and sentences work together to express clear meaning. It includes parts of speech, verb forms, sentence structure, punctuation, and the rules that shape accurate communication.
Explore lessons on nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, phrases, clauses, sentences, verb tenses, and other essential grammar topics. Each section provides clear explanations, practical rules, and examples.
Sometimes one event is already complete before another begins. English can express that relationship compactly with structures such as having finished the report or having missed the train. These are commonly called perfect participles or perfect participial clauses. They are…
Capitalization rules for titles explain which words should start with capital letters in headings and titles. These rules apply to book titles, article headlines, blog posts, reports, presentations, and subject lines. Title capitalization helps readers understand structure and importance at…
Capitalization rules explain which words should begin with a capital letter and why. These rules help readers understand meaning, identify proper nouns, and read sentences without confusion. When capitalization is used correctly, writing looks clear and professional. When it is…
Past participles appear in familiar structures such as has written, was repaired, a broken window, and the documents signed yesterday. The same form can help build a verb phrase or add information about a noun, depending on the sentence around…
The -ing form appears throughout English. You see it in is reading, the woman reading by the window, and I heard someone calling my name. The form looks the same, but its role changes with the structure around it. In…
The verb have appears in some of the most common sentence patterns in English. You can have a car, have lunch, have a problem, have your hair cut, or have finished your work. The word looks familiar in each case,…
In English grammar, comparisons aren’t always about being greater or smaller—sometimes, they’re about being equal. The structure “as…as” helps express this kind of equality. You use it to say that two things share the same quality or level of something,…
The exclamation mark (!) adds force, emotion, or urgency to a sentence. You’ll see it in sentences that show strong feelings, sudden reactions, or firm commands. Because it stands out on the page, writers need to use it with care.…
You often use extra details in writing to explain or clarify who or what you’re talking about. Instead of adding a new sentence every time, English lets you combine that detail directly within the sentence using an appositive phrase. An…
Adjectives don’t just describe; they also compare. When you say one thing is faster, smarter, or more comfortable than another, you’re using comparative adjectives. When you describe something as the best, the tallest, or the most exciting, you’re using superlative…
Sometimes a single word can make a sentence look two ways at once. That’s what happens with squinting modifiers. It sits awkwardly in the middle of a sentence and seems to describe both what comes before and what comes after…
A colon (:) is used to introduce, explain, or expand on an idea that appears earlier in a sentence. It tells the reader, “What follows will clarify or illustrate what I just said.” We often use a colon to present…