English grammar explains how words, phrases, clauses, and sentences work together to express clear meaning. It includes parts of speech, verb forms, sentence structure, punctuation, and the rules that shape accurate communication.
Explore lessons on nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, phrases, clauses, sentences, verb tenses, and other essential grammar topics. Each section provides clear explanations, practical rules, and examples.
Finding the right adjective is easier when you know the letter you want to start with. This A–Z list brings together useful English adjectives with short meanings, so you can quickly compare words and choose one that fits what you…
Expository writing explains ideas clearly and directly. Its goal is to help the reader understand a topic without opinion, storytelling, or persuasion. You see expository writing in articles, essays, reports, and guides. It presents information in a logical order, using…
You can walk through Golden Gate Park and then cross the Golden Gate Bridge. Both places have Golden Gate in their names, but only the bridge normally takes the. English place names don’t all follow one article rule. We say…
Why do we say Japan but the Netherlands? And why can the same country be called Czechia or the Czech Republic? Most country names don’t need an article in English. Others normally take the, particularly names with plural forms or…
You can say We bought a desk, but We bought furniture needs no article. Both sentences describe an actual purchase, so why does English treat the nouns differently? The answer isn’t simply whether you’re talking about something specific or general.…
Why do we say an FBI agent but a NASA scientist? And why is a URL correct even though URL begins with a vowel letter? The answer depends on pronunciation, not spelling. Use a before a consonant sound and an…
A and an are indefinite articles in English. We use them mainly with singular countable nouns when introducing a person or thing without expecting the listener to know exactly which one we mean. We found a handwritten note inside the…
We normally say Emma works in marketing, not The Emma works in marketing. But the Emma I knew in college is perfectly natural when we’re talking about someone as we remember them. A similar difference appears with organizations and publications.…
Sometimes one event is already complete before another begins. English can express that relationship compactly with structures such as having finished the report or having missed the train. These are commonly called perfect participles or perfect participial clauses. They are…
Capitalization rules for titles determine which words begin with capital letters in book titles, article headlines, academic papers, and headings. The two main approaches are title case, which capitalizes major words, and sentence case, which generally capitalizes only the first…
Capitalization rules tell us when to use capital letters in English. We capitalize the first word of a sentence, the pronoun I, and proper nouns such as names of people, places, and organizations. Other words may be capitalized depending on…
Past participles appear in familiar structures such as has written, was repaired, a broken window, and the documents signed yesterday. The same form can help build a verb phrase or add information about a noun, depending on the sentence around…