Hyphen vs. Dash: Clear Guide to En Dash, Em Dash, and Hyphen Rules

They may look alike at first glance, but hyphens (‐), en dashes (–), and em dashes (—) each serve a different purpose in English writing. Used correctly, they help clarify structure, meaning, and tone. Used interchangeably, they can confuse readers or disrupt the flow of your writing.

This article explains what makes each punctuation mark unique, when and how to use them, especially in formal and academic writing.

What Is a Hyphen (-)?

The hyphen is the shortest of the three marks and is used to connect words or word parts. It doesn’t indicate pauses or ranges like dashes do—it simply joins elements to form compound structures.

Common Uses of Hyphens

1. Compound Modifiers Before Nouns

Use a hyphen when two or more words work together to describe a noun.

Examples:

• A well-written article
• A high-speed chase
• A part-time job

✱ Do not hyphenate if the compound modifier comes after the noun:
✔ The article was well written.
✔ Her job is part time.

2. Compound Numbers and Fractions

Hyphens are used in numbers between 21 and 99, and in spelled-out fractions.

Examples:

• Twenty-one students joined.
• One-third of the class was absent.

3. Prefixes and Suffixes (in some cases)

Hyphens can prevent confusion or awkward combinations.

Examples:

• Re-enter
• Ex-president
• Anti-inflammatory

✱ Don’t add a hyphen when the prefix is commonly accepted without one (e.g., redo, nonprofit), unless style or clarity requires it.

4. Word Breaks at Line Endings (in print)

In print or formal typesetting, hyphens can split a word across two lines.

What Is an En Dash (–)?

The en dash (–) is slightly longer than a hyphen and serves a different function. It is typically used to show ranges or to connect elements that have a relationship—especially when one part contains spaces or compound words.

Common Uses of the En Dash

1. To Show Ranges (Read as “to”)

Use an en dash between numbers, dates, or times to indicate a span.

Examples:

• The event runs from August 1–5.
• Open 9:00 AM–5:00 PM
• She served as editor 2010–2022.

✱ Do not pair the en dash with words like from or between.
❌ From 2010–2022
✔ From 2010 to 2022
✔ 2010–2022

2. In Complex Compound Modifiers

Use an en dash instead of a hyphen when one element in a compound modifier is multi-word or a proper noun.

Examples:

• The New York–London flight was delayed.
• A post–World War II novel
• The high school–level tournament

This use helps avoid confusion and keeps the compound structure clear.

What Is an Em Dash (—)?

The em dash (—) is the longest of the three and the most versatile. It’s often used to create emphasis, mark interruptions, or replace other punctuation like commas, parentheses, or colons.

Common Uses of the Em Dash

1. To Set Off Extra Information or Emphasis

Use em dashes to add a pause, explanation, or side comment that you want to stand out.

Examples:

• She opened the door—and froze.
• The results—which surprised everyone—were announced early.
• Only one person—her brother—knew the truth.

Em dashes draw more attention than commas or parentheses and can change the tone of a sentence.

2. To Replace Colons for Emphasis

When introducing a list or explanation, an em dash can replace a colon for a more informal or dramatic effect.

Example:

• He brought everything—maps, food, water, and hope.

3. To Indicate Interrupted Speech or Thought

In dialogue or narrative, em dashes show a sudden break.

Examples:

• “But I thought you said—”
• “I know—I wasn’t supposed to tell anyone.”

4. Spacing Styles

Style guides vary:

• U.S. English (Chicago style): No space around the em dash
  • Example: She smiled—the first time all day.
• U.K. style or informal settings: May allow a space before and after

Stay consistent based on your writing context.

Hyphen vs. En Dash vs. Em Dash

Tip: On most word processors, two hyphens typed together automatically turn into an em dash.

Tips for Usage

Knowing the difference between hyphens, en dashes, and em dashes isn’t just about punctuation—it improves clarity and polish in your writing. Here are a few final tips to apply what you’ve learned:

• Think function first:
  Use hyphens to connect words, en dashes for ranges or linked terms, and em dashes for emphasis or breaks in thought.
• Be consistent:
  Stick to a single style guide when writing—whether it’s AP, Chicago, or your own editorial rules. This keeps spacing and usage uniform.
• Avoid clutter:
  Dashes are useful, but using too many can distract readers. Aim for variety and balance with commas and other punctuation.
• Use shortcuts wisely:
  Keyboard shortcuts for en and em dashes are worth memorizing if you write often. Or set up autocorrect rules in your writing software.
• Proofread carefully:
  Since these marks are visually similar, it’s easy to miss mistakes. Review your writing with an eye on punctuation consistency.

Frequently Asked Questions